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Layer 1 vs. Layer 2: Understanding Blockchain Scalability

The Blockchain Trilemma states that a decentralized network can only provide two out of three benefits: Decentralization, Security, and Scalability. Layer 2 solutions bridge this gap.

What is Layer 1?

Layer 1 refers to the base architecture of a blockchain network (e.g., Bitcoin, Ethereum, Solana). Changes to Layer 1 require protocol-level upgrades.

What is Layer 2?

Layer 2 frameworks sit on top of the base layer to process transactions off-chain, drastically increasing throughput while maintaining mainnet security via zero-knowledge or optimistic rollups.